Great question!
No, your solder didn't run. And you didn't plate your piece.
The heat from your torch brought the copper in the brass to the surface. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. So when it's heated too much, the zinc burns off and you're left with orangey stains of copper.
My best advice is to abrade the stain off to get back to a brassy color. Use sandpaper, or an aggressive pre-polishing compound like Greystar to remove the stain.
~Addie~